<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Cultural Death and Reborn]]></title><description><![CDATA[A unique perspective on various cultural phenomena, examining them through a revisionist lens.]]></description><link>https://poptodorov.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p14I!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F363f33a3-e125-4d33-88c6-3a17e73c18da_1054x1054.png</url><title>Cultural Death and Reborn</title><link>https://poptodorov.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 10:17:42 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://poptodorov.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Boris-Mihail popTodorov]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[poptodorov@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[poptodorov@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Boris-Mihail popTodorov]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Boris-Mihail popTodorov]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[poptodorov@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[poptodorov@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Boris-Mihail popTodorov]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[The Hidden History of Tattoos in Bulgaria]]></title><description><![CDATA[Marked by Meaning]]></description><link>https://poptodorov.substack.com/p/the-hidden-history-of-tattoos-in</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://poptodorov.substack.com/p/the-hidden-history-of-tattoos-in</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Boris-Mihail popTodorov]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 03 Jul 2025 13:00:29 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6XH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F911c267e-6085-4958-bc15-511e566c693c_1320x1900.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Tattoos have been etched into human skin for millennia&#8212;symbols of identity, pain, power, and resistance. In Bulgaria, a country with one of the oldest histories in Europe, tattooing has long served as a mirror to society&#8217;s deepest currents&#8212;from Thracian ritual to political defiance. Nowhere was this more vivid than during the 20th century, particularly under the communist regime, when unprofessional, often self-inflicted tattoos became both a cry for help and a whispered act of rebellion.</p><div><hr></div><h1><strong>Ancient Roots: The Thracian Legacy</strong></h1><p>Tattooing in the Bulgarian lands dates back to the 5th century BC, when Thracian tribes&#8212;known for their warrior culture and mystical traditions&#8212;adorned their bodies with intricate tattoos. Greek pottery from the period shows tattooed Thracian women, and legends recount how they used these marks as social or spiritual identifiers. One notable myth tells of Orpheus being murdered by a group of tattooed Thracian women after he introduced the practice of homosexual love to men&#8212;a violent tale that hints at deeper cultural tensions tied to body markings.</p><p>The tattoo materials in prehistoric times were made of natural resources, such as charcoal, soot, or plants. People used primitive tools, such as sharpened bones and sticks, to puncture their skin and insert. As the wound heals, the material remains inside the scar, finalizing the tattoo. On the other hand, people in the ancient era insert pigments and inks into their wounds with the assistance of metallic needles and tools, allowing for more precision and styling. The tattooing process in the era was the same as in prehistoric times, but certain cultures have variations. Some civilizations raised the bearer&#8217;s scars to rub the tattooing material onto the desired spot.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6XH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F911c267e-6085-4958-bc15-511e566c693c_1320x1900.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6XH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F911c267e-6085-4958-bc15-511e566c693c_1320x1900.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6XH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F911c267e-6085-4958-bc15-511e566c693c_1320x1900.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6XH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F911c267e-6085-4958-bc15-511e566c693c_1320x1900.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6XH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F911c267e-6085-4958-bc15-511e566c693c_1320x1900.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6XH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F911c267e-6085-4958-bc15-511e566c693c_1320x1900.webp" width="1320" height="1900" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/911c267e-6085-4958-bc15-511e566c693c_1320x1900.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1900,&quot;width&quot;:1320,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:319874,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://poptodorov.substack.com/i/167430058?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F911c267e-6085-4958-bc15-511e566c693c_1320x1900.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6XH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F911c267e-6085-4958-bc15-511e566c693c_1320x1900.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6XH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F911c267e-6085-4958-bc15-511e566c693c_1320x1900.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6XH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F911c267e-6085-4958-bc15-511e566c693c_1320x1900.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6XH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F911c267e-6085-4958-bc15-511e566c693c_1320x1900.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>As Wanderlust Magazine writes:</p><blockquote><p>The Thracians were well-known for their fierce warriors, and tattooing played a crucial role in their military culture. Thracian warriors were frequently tattooed with symbols of their gods, particularly those associated with war and death. Many Thracian warriors worshipped Zalmoxis, a god associated with immortality, and these tattoos often reflected their belief in the afterlife and the idea that death in battle was the highest honour a warrior could achieve.</p><p>Thracian warriors are believed to have invented the military knowledge of how a weaker military power can defeat a stronger one. And if it is true that warrior traditions are passed down from father to son, this might help explain the remarkable outcome of the <em><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1917)">Battle of Doiran (1917)</a></strong></em>, where the newly liberated Bulgarian state dealt a significant defeat to the British Empire. This battle stands as one of the most devastating losses for the British in the 20th century, and arguably in their entire military history.</p><p>Additionally, tattoos served as a form of intimidation. A Thracian warrior&#8217;s tattooed body, covered in the symbols of his gods and his animal spirit, would have struck fear into the hearts of his enemies. Tattoos, in this sense, became an integral part of the warrior&#8217;s armour.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a></p></blockquote><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9ff97e81-cba2-4376-ae51-b0d4a18b9ed7_537x766.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dcbb0fa8-b8c5-4478-b8de-fc4e03c60764_555x453.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;The Thracian king Seuthes III &amp; General Vladimir Vazov, the winner of the Battle of Doiran&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8f2440ec-6478-4a8e-a131-5257c099c2ae_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><h2><strong>A Revolutionary Symbol: Vlado Chernozemski&#8217;s VMRO Tattoo</strong></h2><p>Centuries later, in the early 20th century, tattoos took on a new political weight. One of the most iconic tattooed Bulgarians was <strong>Vlado Chernozemski</strong>, a revolutionary associated with the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (VMRO), a Bulgarian nationalist group that fought for the rights and autonomy of Macedonian Bulgarians. Born as Velichko Kerin, Chernozemski was known for his fierce commitment to the Bulgarian cause in Macedonia and his role in the 1934 assassination of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia in Marseille&#8212;a political act that stunned Europe.</p><p>Before his rise to notoriety, Chernozemski tattooed the initials <strong>"VMRO"</strong> with a human skull on his arm, a permanent declaration of his allegiance to the organization. It was not merely a sign of membership, but a brand of loyalty that one could not easily renounce. In a time when revolutionary ideals were often punishable by death, such a tattoo was a badge of courage&#8212;and a death sentence if discovered by the enemy. For Chernozemski and many like him, the tattoo was both declaration and defiance.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QfeM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf9fcb56-156f-4a61-a3db-7165be9a8cbf_530x696.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QfeM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf9fcb56-156f-4a61-a3db-7165be9a8cbf_530x696.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QfeM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf9fcb56-156f-4a61-a3db-7165be9a8cbf_530x696.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QfeM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf9fcb56-156f-4a61-a3db-7165be9a8cbf_530x696.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QfeM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf9fcb56-156f-4a61-a3db-7165be9a8cbf_530x696.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QfeM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf9fcb56-156f-4a61-a3db-7165be9a8cbf_530x696.png" width="530" height="696" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cf9fcb56-156f-4a61-a3db-7165be9a8cbf_530x696.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:696,&quot;width&quot;:530,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:102077,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://poptodorov.substack.com/i/167430058?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf9fcb56-156f-4a61-a3db-7165be9a8cbf_530x696.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QfeM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf9fcb56-156f-4a61-a3db-7165be9a8cbf_530x696.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QfeM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf9fcb56-156f-4a61-a3db-7165be9a8cbf_530x696.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QfeM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf9fcb56-156f-4a61-a3db-7165be9a8cbf_530x696.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QfeM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf9fcb56-156f-4a61-a3db-7165be9a8cbf_530x696.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Born in the village of Kamenitsa (now part of Velingrad), he joined VMRO as a young man and became a trusted operative and assassin within its ranks. Over the years, he carried out several high-profile assassinations of enemies of VMRO, earning a reputation as a fearless and deadly fighter.</p><p>His most famous feat occurred on <strong>9 October 1934</strong>, in Marseille, France. Acting on VMRO&#8217;s orders and in cooperation with the Croatian Usta&#353;e, Chernozemski assassinated <strong>King Alexander I of Yugoslavia</strong>, who was seen by VMRO as the chief oppressor of the Macedonian Bulgarians. Disguised as a chauffeur, Chernozemski shot the king as he toured the city in an open car. The French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou was also fatally wounded in the crossfire.</p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T42RDpG3Aqk">Footage from the successful attack</a></p><p>Immediately after the shooting, Chernozemski was attacked by police, soldiers, and enraged bystanders. He was severely beaten on the spot and died of his injuries shortly afterward &#8212; either the same day or the next, depending on sources.</p><p>When French authorities examined his body, they initially struggled to establish his identity, as he carried false papers and had used multiple aliases. However, one detail revealed who he truly was: the tattoo of the revolutionary organization he served. This indelible mark confirmed that he was a VMRO operative and tied him forever to the cause he died for.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Tattoos Under Communism: Forbidden Flesh</strong></h2><p>When Bulgaria fell under Soviet slavery in 1944, personal freedom and expression were severely curtailed. During the 45 years of communist rule, people received many psychic traumas, which altered their perception of the outer world and of themselves. For many their skin became a place where their mental confusion could be expressed. Because professional tattoo workshops were forbidden, all the tattoos during this period were done at home or while the young men were in the army, the navy and the prisons. Tattooing was outlawed, yet, despite its illegality, the practice not only persisted but flourished underground.</p><p>Between 1945 and 1992 (officially 1989), a period covering the height and aftermath of communist rule, tattoos in Bulgaria took on powerful psychological and symbolic meanings. A landmark study by Bulgarian dermatologists<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> analyzed over 100 unprofessional tattoos created during this era, revealing three primary motivations: <strong>autoaggression</strong>, <strong>resistance</strong>, and <strong>aspiration toward the West</strong>.</p><p></p><h3><strong>1. Tattoos as Autoaggression: Pain as an Outlet</strong></h3><p>One group of tattoos&#8212;often crude, nonsensical patterns or extensive markings with no discernible meaning&#8212;was interpreted as a form of <strong>self-harm</strong>. With limited avenues for emotional release, many Bulgarians turned to physical pain as a coping mechanism. Some chose sensitive body parts for their tattoos, such as the genitals, intensifying the agony to distract from internal turmoil.</p><p>One man could not explain the lines and scratches covering his arms&#8212;an illustration of emotional numbness and confusion that reflected the societal atmosphere of surveillance and oppression.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/bmp&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/403d8977-ea3c-4250-8607-711df53fdb65_581x547.bmp&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;A 52-year old worker had tattoos of many lines and meaningless patterns on his arms and forearms&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/bmp&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/403d8977-ea3c-4250-8607-711df53fdb65_581x547.bmp&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><h3><strong>2. Tattoos as Resistance: Silent Defiance</strong></h3><p>A second category included tattoos with <strong>explicit or veiled political meaning</strong>. During communism, even subtle forms of dissent could result in imprisonment or worse. Tattoos with monarchist insignia, religious symbols, or coded language became underground acts of protest.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/bmp&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6bb83581-667f-45d5-a4cd-7286e712c8d3_588x502.bmp&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Tattoo on the leg of a 33-year old political prisoner&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/bmp&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6bb83581-667f-45d5-a4cd-7286e712c8d3_588x502.bmp&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>On the photo above you can see the tattoo of a 33-year old man with a university degree in history and philosophy. In 1988 he was detained and put in prison for political reasons. During his stay in prison he tattooed prison bars on his leg, because the pain involved in the process distracted him from the terrible fear. The reason he chose this particular pattern was that "you tattoo what you see all day long"</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/bmp&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2f32c840-f8e3-4d07-b6c3-937e34fc21fc_581x568.bmp&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Tattoo re-done several times to deepen ihe color on the forearm of a 27-year old soldier&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/bmp&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2f32c840-f8e3-4d07-b6c3-937e34fc21fc_581x568.bmp&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>A Christian man punished for his faith. He was a sexton who had always believed in Jesus Christ, even though people were persecuted for their religious beliefs. In 1985, while he was in the army, he spent 5 days in the detention barracks. During this difficult time he hoped that God would give him freedom and tattooed a cross and the word "libert&#224;" on his forearm. He is still proud of his tattoo, which he later went over several times, to enhance the beautiful deep colour. </p><p>These individuals used their skin to record the truths they could not speak aloud.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/bmp&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4905b231-98bb-4509-8b1d-cd2107f7d686_574x879.bmp&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Tattoo on the thigh of a 31-year old male worker&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/bmp&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4905b231-98bb-4509-8b1d-cd2107f7d686_574x879.bmp&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>A 31-year old working man with no political background, but free mind. In 1989 he tattooed on his thigh the "victory" sign, which was a symbol of disobedience and resistance, and which became after November 10, 1993, the sign of the newly formed anticommunist "Union of Democratic Forces".</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/bmp&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/eec160da-0964-4eba-be01-cd93ddd82ea5_651x448.bmp&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Tattoo on the chest of a 38-year old male worker of Turkish origin&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/bmp&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/eec160da-0964-4eba-be01-cd93ddd82ea5_651x448.bmp&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>A 38-year old working man of Turkish origin. In 1985 when the authorities forced him to change his Turkish name, he made a tattoo, representing the things that were most valuable to him: the image of his wife and the crescent - symbol of his faith - so that they would remain with him forever and could not be taken away.</p><p>During the 1980s, Bulgaria&#8217;s communist regime launched a policy known as the <strong>&#8220;Revival Process&#8221;</strong>, aimed at forcibly assimilating the country&#8217;s ethnic Turkish minority. The government claimed it was &#8220;restoring&#8221; these citizens&#8217; supposed Bulgarian (Slavic) roots, arguing that Turks in Bulgaria were actually descendants of Bulgarians who had been &#8220;Turkified&#8221; during Ottoman rule.</p><p>In practice, this meant that ethnic Turks were forced to abandon their Islamic names and adopt Slavic, Christian-sounding ones. Speaking Turkish in public and practicing Islamic customs were also suppressed. The policy was part of a broader effort to create a more homogeneous Bulgarian nation under socialism and to erase visible markers of Turkish identity.</p><p>This campaign caused deep resentment, protests, and even violence in some areas, and in 1989 it contributed to a mass exodus of over <strong>300,000 ethnic Turks</strong> to Turkey. The policy was officially reversed after the fall of communism later that year.</p><p></p><h3><strong>3. Tattoos of the West: Longing Across the Iron Curtain</strong></h3><p>The third major group consisted of tattoos inspired by <strong>Western culture</strong>, often copied from magazines or smuggled posters. In a closed society where jeans, pop music, and cigarettes were contraband symbols of freedom, even the name of an American band inked on skin was a bold statement.</p><p>A man tattooed the Rolling Stones logo on his stomach; another etched the "Pall Mall" cigarette label on his arm, associating it with luxury and strength. Many didn&#8217;t understand the English words they used&#8212;like &#8220;killer&#8221; or &#8220;freedom&#8221;&#8212;but wore them as badges of another world, one they dreamed of but could not see.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/bmp&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2424da11-6a80-4bf1-9b19-9c9b59694fb0_568x495.bmp&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/bmp&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5f328adc-24b0-4aba-bb4e-915940c81564_591x403.bmp&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b86e7159-11d6-412e-9535-5b976c2f2813_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><h2><strong>The Skin as Political Text</strong></h2><p>These tattoos, often executed with homemade tools, reflected not only personal struggles but broader societal dynamics. In a state that sought to suppress individuality, the body became one of the last places for freedom. Every amateur tattoo was, in a sense, a rejection of official ideology&#8212;small, often painful acts of resistance inscribed in flesh.</p><p>In post-communist Bulgaria, as the country entered a difficult period of transition, new forms of expression emerged. But the tattoos of the past remained. One man, in 1990, tattooed both a red rose&#8212;the symbol of the socialist party&#8212;and a lion&#8217;s head, emblem of the Union of Democratic Forces, as well as the letters <em>USA</em> between two yankee stars. It was a contradictory gesture, reflecting the torn identity of a country caught between old ideologies and new uncertainties.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SkHR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c97882e-25ca-44d2-9f2b-8b5f4f2226dd_587x896.bmp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SkHR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c97882e-25ca-44d2-9f2b-8b5f4f2226dd_587x896.bmp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SkHR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c97882e-25ca-44d2-9f2b-8b5f4f2226dd_587x896.bmp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SkHR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c97882e-25ca-44d2-9f2b-8b5f4f2226dd_587x896.bmp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SkHR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c97882e-25ca-44d2-9f2b-8b5f4f2226dd_587x896.bmp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SkHR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c97882e-25ca-44d2-9f2b-8b5f4f2226dd_587x896.bmp" width="587" height="896" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3c97882e-25ca-44d2-9f2b-8b5f4f2226dd_587x896.bmp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:896,&quot;width&quot;:587,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1580598,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/bmp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://poptodorov.substack.com/i/167430058?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c97882e-25ca-44d2-9f2b-8b5f4f2226dd_587x896.bmp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SkHR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c97882e-25ca-44d2-9f2b-8b5f4f2226dd_587x896.bmp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SkHR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c97882e-25ca-44d2-9f2b-8b5f4f2226dd_587x896.bmp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SkHR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c97882e-25ca-44d2-9f2b-8b5f4f2226dd_587x896.bmp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SkHR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c97882e-25ca-44d2-9f2b-8b5f4f2226dd_587x896.bmp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h2><strong>A Lasting Mark</strong></h2><p>From the battlefield to the prison cell, from revolutionary zeal to the quiet desperation of forgotten workers, tattoos in Bulgaria have chronicled the nation&#8217;s unspoken history. Whether expressing defiance, faith, identity, or longing, these marks are far more than decoration. They are <strong>living archives</strong> of personal and political struggle.</p><p>Figures like Vlado Chernozemski remind us that tattoos can bind a person to a cause for life&#8212;and sometimes death. Meanwhile, the anonymous citizens who inked their pain or dreams onto their bodies during communism gave voice to those silenced by the state. In every line and symbol, we find a story worth telling.</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>https://wanderlust-magazine.com/history-of-tattoos-thracian-warriors-culture/</p><p></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>J. Kazandjieva, J. Kamarashev, M. Kadurina, N. Tsankov</strong>  - <em>Unprofessional tattoos in Bulgaria - psychological aspects</em>.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Fanny Popova - la custode della cultura italiana in Bulgaria]]></title><description><![CDATA[Oggi vi presenter&#242; l&#8217;opera della bulgara Fanny Popova-Mutafova, una delle pi&#249; grandi scrittrici d'Europa, che merita di essere nuovamente celebrata nella societ&#224; italiana che v&#224; sul cammino del ricordo per il proprio passato a favore del futuro.]]></description><link>https://poptodorov.substack.com/p/fanny-popova-la-custode-della-cultura</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://poptodorov.substack.com/p/fanny-popova-la-custode-della-cultura</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Boris-Mihail popTodorov]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 2024 14:38:49 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJhm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd1e9d3b-a549-48bf-af18-e5ac47e81442_611x1000.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJhm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd1e9d3b-a549-48bf-af18-e5ac47e81442_611x1000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJhm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd1e9d3b-a549-48bf-af18-e5ac47e81442_611x1000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJhm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd1e9d3b-a549-48bf-af18-e5ac47e81442_611x1000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJhm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd1e9d3b-a549-48bf-af18-e5ac47e81442_611x1000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJhm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd1e9d3b-a549-48bf-af18-e5ac47e81442_611x1000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJhm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd1e9d3b-a549-48bf-af18-e5ac47e81442_611x1000.jpeg" width="447" height="731.5875613747954" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fd1e9d3b-a549-48bf-af18-e5ac47e81442_611x1000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1000,&quot;width&quot;:611,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:447,&quot;bytes&quot;:34062,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJhm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd1e9d3b-a549-48bf-af18-e5ac47e81442_611x1000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJhm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd1e9d3b-a549-48bf-af18-e5ac47e81442_611x1000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJhm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd1e9d3b-a549-48bf-af18-e5ac47e81442_611x1000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oJhm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd1e9d3b-a549-48bf-af18-e5ac47e81442_611x1000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Oggi vi presenter&#242; l&#8217;opera della bulgara Fanny&nbsp;Popova-Mutafova, una delle pi&#249; grandi scrittrici d'Europa, che merita di essere nuovamente celebrata nella societ&#224; italiana che v&#224; sul cammino del ricordo per il proprio passato a favore del futuro.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Scrivono di Fanny: <em>&#232; la vetta pi&#249; alta raggiunta dalla donna bulgara, che la eguaglia completamente all'uomo. I suoi romanzi storici la collocano al livello dei pi&#249; grandi scrittori di questo genere della letteratura mondiale</em>.</p></div><p></p><p>&#200; nata il 16 ottobre 1902 alla citt&#224; Sevlievo nella famiglia del generale Dobri Popov, partecipante alle guerre per l'unificazione nazionale della Bulgaria, insegnante presso la scuola militare ed autore di libri militari.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1qyT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb51f9fb-419d-44a9-bd69-d8efc5eea85a_839x524.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1qyT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb51f9fb-419d-44a9-bd69-d8efc5eea85a_839x524.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1qyT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb51f9fb-419d-44a9-bd69-d8efc5eea85a_839x524.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1qyT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb51f9fb-419d-44a9-bd69-d8efc5eea85a_839x524.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1qyT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb51f9fb-419d-44a9-bd69-d8efc5eea85a_839x524.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1qyT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb51f9fb-419d-44a9-bd69-d8efc5eea85a_839x524.jpeg" width="839" height="524" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/eb51f9fb-419d-44a9-bd69-d8efc5eea85a_839x524.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:524,&quot;width&quot;:839,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:112682,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1qyT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb51f9fb-419d-44a9-bd69-d8efc5eea85a_839x524.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1qyT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb51f9fb-419d-44a9-bd69-d8efc5eea85a_839x524.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1qyT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb51f9fb-419d-44a9-bd69-d8efc5eea85a_839x524.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1qyT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb51f9fb-419d-44a9-bd69-d8efc5eea85a_839x524.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">La citt&#224; di Sevlievo nell&#8217;inizio del XX secolo</figcaption></figure></div><p>Nel 1907, come capitano del 9&#176; Reggimento Artiglieria, il padre di Fanny fu inviato alla Scuola di Applicazione e Istituto di Studi Militari dell'Esercito a Torino, che diplom&#242; anche il generale Nikola Zhekov - comandante in capo dell'esercito bulgaro durante la prima guerra mondiale. La famiglia rimase fino al 1911, dopodich&#233; torn&#242; in Bulgaria affinch&#233; il padre, gi&#224; diplomato all'Accademia con lode, potesse adempiere al suo dovere patriottico nelle guerre di unificazione nazionale.</p><p>Nelle sue note autobiografiche, Fanny si ricorda il periodo trascorso in Italia:</p><blockquote><p><em>Gli anni trascorsi in Italia mi hanno lasciato un'impressione indelebile. Ho imparato a leggere l'italiano da sol&#1072; prima di iniziare la scuola materna, chiedendo informazioni su ogni lettera e compitando un'edizione illustrata de I tre moschettieri. Ho finito l&#236; la seconda elementare e ho ricevuto una medaglia d'argento per il miglior saggio su un determinato argomento. Lo leggono in tutte le classi, osservando che una ragazza straniera potrebbe scrivere un'opera cos&#236; bella nella loro lingua.</em></p><p><em>Potrebbe essere stato il mio primo premio letterario.</em></p><p><em>Ma poi non mi &#232; mai passato per la mente che avrei mai potuto diventare una scrittrice. Scrivere era naturale per me come ridere, dormire o sete. I miei genitori pensavano che dovessi assolutamente studiare musica e ho iniziato a prendere lezioni di pianoforte quando avevo cinque anni. In una rivista che recensiva l'annuale concerto torinese di Giovanna Pescialo, annotavano in modo molto lusinghiero la partecipazione della "piccola donna bulgara che mieteva un successo di cui poche artiste potevano vantarsi".&nbsp;Questo alla fine ha definito la mia vocazione. Per&#242; non ho diventato una pianista, anche se ho continuato a studiare pianoforte a Vratsa, a Sofia e successivamente a Monaco di Baviera. Non ricordo un periodo della mia vita in cui non ho scritto. In terza elementare (studiavo gi&#224; in una scuola bulgara in Bulgaria)... traducevo racconti dall'italiano e li inviavo alla rivista "Galleria d'arte", ricevendoli indietro con le istruzioni su cosa correggere.</em></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5q5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf04f56f-491a-4e09-af39-a1b7f9b96af8_1080x1199.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5q5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf04f56f-491a-4e09-af39-a1b7f9b96af8_1080x1199.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5q5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf04f56f-491a-4e09-af39-a1b7f9b96af8_1080x1199.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5q5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf04f56f-491a-4e09-af39-a1b7f9b96af8_1080x1199.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5q5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf04f56f-491a-4e09-af39-a1b7f9b96af8_1080x1199.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5q5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf04f56f-491a-4e09-af39-a1b7f9b96af8_1080x1199.jpeg" width="1080" height="1199" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/df04f56f-491a-4e09-af39-a1b7f9b96af8_1080x1199.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1199,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:177532,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5q5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf04f56f-491a-4e09-af39-a1b7f9b96af8_1080x1199.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5q5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf04f56f-491a-4e09-af39-a1b7f9b96af8_1080x1199.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5q5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf04f56f-491a-4e09-af39-a1b7f9b96af8_1080x1199.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5q5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf04f56f-491a-4e09-af39-a1b7f9b96af8_1080x1199.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Fanny Popova-Mutafova a Monaco di Baviera, 1923</figcaption></figure></div><p>Dopo la Marcia su Roma lei si innamor&#242; degli insegnamenti di Gabriele d'Annunzio e Mussolini. In seguito scrisse un articolo su un quotidiano bulgaro dal titolo "L'Opera nazionale maternit&#224; e infanzia in Italia":</p><blockquote><p><em>Con genialit&#224;, Benito Mussolini cap&#236; che il compito demografico era una delle fondamenta su cui costruire qualsiasi movimento nazionale di rinnovamento. Era risaputo che l'antico Impero Romano per&#236;, non per mancanza di coraggio o di armi, ma perch&#233; le matrone romane dimenticarono la dura vita delle loro antenate, deviarono dall'ideale della madre dei Gracchi e, non volendo avere pi&#249; figli, diedero l'impero in preda ai popoli giovani, esuberanti, con la loro vitalit&#224; intatta. Era chiaro al capo del fascismo che una nazione che non aumenta quantitativamente porta a disastri sociali, povert&#224; e un futuro incerto, dovuto al fatto che una grande nazione significa un grande fatturato, significa nessuna stagnazione nella produzione, nessuna disoccupazione, scioperi e proletarizzazione del popolo.</em></p><p><em>La politica nazionale divenne uno dei compiti pi&#249; importanti del regime fascista, che cre&#242; un'apposita organizzazione statale per coordinare tutte le attivit&#224; legate alla tutela della madre italiana e del bambino italiano. Questa organizzazione, che doveva incoraggiare ogni iniziativa e rafforzare la crescita del popolo italiano conservando la fragile vita infantile, proteggendo la famiglia e collocando la donna nel luogo naturale e determinato dalla natura - fu chiamata Opera nazionale maternit&#224; e infanzia.</em></p><p><em>Mussolini tolse dalle mani dell'iniziativa privata, delle numerose associazioni di beneficenza e delle iniziative statali separate e scoordinate, tutte le cure per il sostentamento del bambino e della madre, imprimendole una netta direzione verso un obiettivo definito e chiaro. L'ampio autogoverno di cui gode questa istituzione le offre tutte le opportunit&#224; per realizzare il lavoro previsto: la creazione di una generazione sana, vigorosa, felice e forte.</em></p><p><em>Perch&#233;, come disse lo stesso Mussolini, "onorando la famiglia, la madre e il bambino, onoriamo e valorizziamo i supremi doni di una nazione".</em></p><p><em>La cura del bambino "Maternit&#224; e Infanzia" inizia fin dalla pi&#249; t&#232;nera et&#224; ancor prima della sua nascita, dando ogni sostegno alla futura mamma. La lotta contro la mortalit&#224; infantile viene condotta con tutti i mezzi. La protezione del bambino continua fino all'et&#224; scolare e oltre. Alla madre vengono date tutte le possibilit&#224; per essere sollevata nella sua grande e difficile missione. La cura della famiglia &#232; una parte inscindibile della politica nazionale generale. Norme deliberate sugli stipendi dei familiari, prestiti concessi agli sposi novelli per arredare il nuovo nucleo familiare, la promozione dei matrimoni, i privilegi delle famiglie numerose sono misure urgenti connesse alla corretta educazione del figlio e al mantenimento della madre. I premi alle madri di molti figli, che nell'Italia fascista sono molto stimate, evidenziano la posizione ufficiale del regime su questo importante tema.</em></p><p><em>E i premi in denaro che vengono dati a quelle madri che hanno allevato i figli pi&#249; sani e fiorenti, creano un terreno di competizione pi&#249; nobile, che affascina e incoraggia l'ambizione femminile. Inoltre, ogni anno si riuniscono a Roma i rappresentanti delle famiglie numerose: le madri con pi&#249; figli, scelte per ogni contrada, che vengono premiate personalmente dal Duce con ingenti premi in denaro.</em></p><p><em>In un piccolo articolo &#232; impossibile descrivere l'enorme lavoro di "Maternit&#224; e infanzia", ma &#232; importante notare prima di tutto le fondamenta su cui &#232; costruito questo lavoro in Italia. Ed &#232; chiaramente espresso:</em></p><p><em>La tutela della maternit&#224; e dell'infanzia non &#232; solo un dovere di solidariet&#224; umana, di carit&#224;, di dovere religioso, come &#232; considerato in tante altre nazioni, ma anche un pi&#249; alto dovere sociale, il cui adempimento deve avvenire sotto la tutela dello stato, perch&#233; dal corretto compimento di ogni opera per il bene della maternit&#224; e dell'infanzia dipende la creazione di generazioni sane e forti, dipende dal miglioramento della famiglia, dipende dal benessere morale e materiale, nonch&#233; dall'onore e dignit&#224; della nazione.</em></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6Fxf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ea1186f-deab-41f7-9e29-05298d233219_560x416.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6Fxf!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ea1186f-deab-41f7-9e29-05298d233219_560x416.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6Fxf!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ea1186f-deab-41f7-9e29-05298d233219_560x416.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6Fxf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ea1186f-deab-41f7-9e29-05298d233219_560x416.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6Fxf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ea1186f-deab-41f7-9e29-05298d233219_560x416.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6Fxf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ea1186f-deab-41f7-9e29-05298d233219_560x416.jpeg" width="560" height="416" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0ea1186f-deab-41f7-9e29-05298d233219_560x416.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:416,&quot;width&quot;:560,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:45212,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6Fxf!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ea1186f-deab-41f7-9e29-05298d233219_560x416.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6Fxf!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ea1186f-deab-41f7-9e29-05298d233219_560x416.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6Fxf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ea1186f-deab-41f7-9e29-05298d233219_560x416.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6Fxf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ea1186f-deab-41f7-9e29-05298d233219_560x416.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Il suo libro &#8220;La figlia di Kalojan&#8221;, parte della quadrilogia "Asenovtsi"</figcaption></figure></div><p>Esordisce sulla scena letteraria come studentessa al Conservatorio di Monaco, quando nel 1924 vengono pubblicati i suoi primi libri, dedicati alla maternit&#224; e alle donne. Tuttavia, la sua maggiore popolarit&#224; le viene conferita dalla quadrilogia "Asenovtsi" (La storia della dinastia Asen che fond&#242; e govern&#242; uno stato medievale in Bulgaria, chiamata nella storiografia moderna il Secondo impero bulgaro, tra il 1187 e il 1256.). Queste quattro opere seguono in modo affascinante la storia di una delle pi&#249; gloriose dinastie bulgare, che &#232; riuscita a trasformare la Bulgaria in un vero e proprio egemone nell'Europa sud-orientale. Oltre al loro valore puramente letterario, i libri colpiscono anche per la loro credibilit&#224; storica. In totale, fino al 1944, Fanny Popova-Mutafova ha pubblicato 33 libri, che l'hanno resa l'autrice bulgara pi&#249; popolare del suo tempo.</p><p>Quando lei e suo marito sono tornati dalla Germania in Bulgaria, si &#232; dedicata interamente al lavoro creativo e ha raccolto enormi successi. &#200; anche una feroce combattente contro il femminismo liberale ed &#232; un modello per le donne bulgare. Porta lo spirito della nuova donna europea nel Terzo Regno bulgaro.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8DCA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53097aef-382f-4fac-a403-0404872f94a2_2048x1378.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8DCA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53097aef-382f-4fac-a403-0404872f94a2_2048x1378.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8DCA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53097aef-382f-4fac-a403-0404872f94a2_2048x1378.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8DCA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53097aef-382f-4fac-a403-0404872f94a2_2048x1378.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8DCA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53097aef-382f-4fac-a403-0404872f94a2_2048x1378.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8DCA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53097aef-382f-4fac-a403-0404872f94a2_2048x1378.jpeg" width="1456" height="980" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/53097aef-382f-4fac-a403-0404872f94a2_2048x1378.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:980,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:245071,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8DCA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53097aef-382f-4fac-a403-0404872f94a2_2048x1378.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8DCA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53097aef-382f-4fac-a403-0404872f94a2_2048x1378.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8DCA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53097aef-382f-4fac-a403-0404872f94a2_2048x1378.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8DCA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53097aef-382f-4fac-a403-0404872f94a2_2048x1378.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Fanny e il marito Ciavdar Mutafov, circa 1935</figcaption></figure></div><p>Durante la seconda guerra mondiale, quando le nostre nazioni fraterne hanno combattuto per la libert&#224; e il potere dell'Europa, lei ha costantemente ricordato alla societ&#224; bulgara l'ideologia del sociale nazionalismo tedesco e del fascio italiano. Impavida nelle sue convinzioni, si batte anche contro <em>Entartete Kunst </em>- l'Arte degenerata, scrive articoli sui giornali contro la musica negra sovversiva, che danneggia la donna bulgara e la allontana dalla sua famiglia. Oltre alla sua creativit&#224;, Fanny &#232; anche una guerriera politica senza compromessi.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HVzD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3590e8-dd89-4cb0-8e15-f63cdb5ab51c_450x278.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HVzD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3590e8-dd89-4cb0-8e15-f63cdb5ab51c_450x278.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HVzD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3590e8-dd89-4cb0-8e15-f63cdb5ab51c_450x278.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HVzD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3590e8-dd89-4cb0-8e15-f63cdb5ab51c_450x278.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HVzD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3590e8-dd89-4cb0-8e15-f63cdb5ab51c_450x278.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HVzD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3590e8-dd89-4cb0-8e15-f63cdb5ab51c_450x278.jpeg" width="450" height="278" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4f3590e8-dd89-4cb0-8e15-f63cdb5ab51c_450x278.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:278,&quot;width&quot;:450,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:118478,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HVzD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3590e8-dd89-4cb0-8e15-f63cdb5ab51c_450x278.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HVzD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3590e8-dd89-4cb0-8e15-f63cdb5ab51c_450x278.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HVzD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3590e8-dd89-4cb0-8e15-f63cdb5ab51c_450x278.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HVzD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f3590e8-dd89-4cb0-8e15-f63cdb5ab51c_450x278.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Il primo ministro bulgaro Bogdan Filov con il Duce Benito Mussolini a Roma, 1941</figcaption></figure></div><p>Fu per questo motivo che il governo fascista decise di pubblicarla in Italia nel 1939. Il suo racconto "Passeggiata inverosimile" fu tradotto da Enrico Lapenna e pubblicato su numerosi giornali italiani e anche nel libro<strong> </strong><em><strong>Narratori bulgari</strong> </em>della casa editrice&nbsp;<em>Stelle dell'orsa</em>,&nbsp;a&nbsp;Roma. Allego il racconto&nbsp;qui.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6112bcae-e028-4319-8e05-378a5eeb952d_2023x3490.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6112bcae-e028-4319-8e05-378a5eeb952d_2023x3490.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6112bcae-e028-4319-8e05-378a5eeb952d_2023x3490.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6112bcae-e028-4319-8e05-378a5eeb952d_2023x3490.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6112bcae-e028-4319-8e05-378a5eeb952d_2023x3490.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6112bcae-e028-4319-8e05-378a5eeb952d_2023x3490.jpeg" width="506" height="872.989010989011" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6112bcae-e028-4319-8e05-378a5eeb952d_2023x3490.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2512,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:506,&quot;bytes&quot;:1117233,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6112bcae-e028-4319-8e05-378a5eeb952d_2023x3490.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6112bcae-e028-4319-8e05-378a5eeb952d_2023x3490.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6112bcae-e028-4319-8e05-378a5eeb952d_2023x3490.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuhI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6112bcae-e028-4319-8e05-378a5eeb952d_2023x3490.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><blockquote><p><em>FANNY POPOVA MUTAFOVA <br>Nacque a Sevlievo nel 1902. Fu, durante l'infanzia, in Italia col padre ufficiale, a Torino: parla e scrive correntemente l'italiano. Ha tradotto in bulgaro vari scrittori italiani moderni (Pirandello, Deledda, ecc.) La parte dell'Associazione degli Scrittori Bulgari e del Club delle Scrittrici. Le sue opere principali sono: <strong>La donna dal vestito celeste</strong> (1927), <strong>La moglie del mio amico</strong> (1929), racconti; <strong>Il mago di Solun</strong>, cronistoria in due volumi (1929-30), <strong>Nedelka Stamatova</strong>, romanzo (1933) <strong>Le grandi ombre</strong> racconti (1935); <strong>La figlia di Kalojan</strong>, cronaca del XIII secolo. [BIBLIOGRAFIA. - F. POPOVA MUTAFOVA, La moglie del mio amico, trad. di CORRADO ROSSI, pref. di ENRICO DAMIANI, Lanciano, 1935.]</em></p><p></p><p><strong>PASSEGGIATA INVEROSIMILE </strong><br><br>Alla bella fanciulla aveva sempre dato noia dare uno sguardo alla vita, che lambiva i suoi piedi; ma un giorno decise di uscire dall'immobilit&#224; della sua indifferenza. E si diede a girare per le strade. </p><p>Era tanto tempo che esse l'attiravano con gli adescamenti e le malizie dell'ignoto.</p><p>Camminava avida e assorta; intorno a lei spumava lo scintillante vino della vita. Ma la vita le sembr&#242; strana. Era diversa, da lontano. </p><p>La fanciulla camminava lentamente, si fermava, si voltava a guardare queste cose strane e meravigliose, che gli altri appena notavano. Forse vi erano abituati. Non destavano meraviglia, in loro. </p><p>La strada si cullava in un rumore variato e s'inebriava di porpora. </p><p>Ghignando, una testa d'agnello, stillava goccie d'un rosso cupo; uno zingaro seguiva con lo sguardo acceso le calze rosate di una bella signora; in cima ad un trolley brill&#242;, azzurra, una stella; un uomo senza gambe si trascinava, come un animale, per terra e tendeva la mano. </p><p>La fanciulla si fermava e si voltava, pigiata, urtata.</p><p>Davanti a lei si accalcava la gente. Si alz&#242; in punta di piedi e vide una cosa straordinaria: quattro cavalli, bardati di nero, tiravano un cocchio. Dentro, sembrava, che in una scatola, giacesse una persona, immobile come una bambola. Alcuni singhiozzavano e si asciugavano gli occhi. La fanciulla le segu&#236;: voleva raggiungere qualcuna di quelle donne rattristate, per consolarle. Ma una donna in nero disse: Guarda quella l&#224; con la veste corta... le si vedono le ginocchia! L'altra rispose: le stesse almeno bene!... </p><p>La fanciulla fugg&#236; turbata. Una grassa donna bionda la squadr&#242; severa ed ostile. Lei si sent&#236; tutta turbata, inciamp&#242; nell'involto di una fanciulla che sedeva sull'orlo del marciapiede e piangeva. Due guardie gridavano e un signore piccolino con una bianca barbettina a punta e colla bombetta gesticolava ferocemente. </p><p>La fanciulla percorse alcune strade; quasi correva. Un cane randagio si ostinava a seguirla. Ad un angolo era rannicchiato un fanciullo malandato, e piagnucolava; vicinissimo a lui passavano gruppi di giovani; sorriso spensierato e passo leggero, come il vento. </p><p>Dalle alte case fluiva un denso torrente umano: con passi affrettati, visi stanchi. Brill&#242; la collana delle lampade elettriche. I tram fuggivano via sovraccarichi di ombre. La fanciulla diede un balzo indietro, atterrirta. Un'automobile mugghi&#242; al suo orecchio. Volle ritornare indietro. Ma la inverosimile fanciulla aveva smarrita la strada. Allora si ferm&#242; dinanzi ai manifesti di un film e a lungo fiss&#242; i ritratti dell'affascinante protagonista.</p><p>Vicino a lei passarono due giovani sottobraccio. Andavano in fretta. Ma dove mai aveva visto quel soprabito? Ecco, una di quelle coppie di innamorati, guardati da lontano con invidia e tristezza. Poter sentire una volta almeno l'incantevole bisbiglio degli innamorati! </p><p>Li segu&#236;. </p><p>- ...E niente pi&#249;. <br>- Che significato pu&#242; avere un mazzo di fiori? <br>- Eh! molto! C'&#232; differenza. <br>- Di che differenza vai parlando? <br>- Tu lo sai meglio di me. <br>- Invece non capisco proprio niente! <br>- Uh! povera ingenua! Non dovevi accettarlo! <br>- Ma scusa, come avrei potuto fare! mi era stato mandato! <br>- Lo manderai indietro. <br>- Uf! che stupidaggini! </p><p>La fanciulla rest&#242; stupita. Questo dunque era il linguaggio dell'amore? La donna aggiunse: </p><p>- E tu, l'altro ieri? <br>- Ebbene? Che c'&#232;? <br>- Come, che c'&#232;? Adesso caschi dalle nuvole eh! <br>- Ti assicuro... <br>- A cena dal dottore. <br>- ??? <br>- Tutto, il tempo... S&#236;... E... <br>- E? Ebbene? <br>- S&#236;... quella signorina bionda... Oh, &#232; inutile che protesti! Niente me lo toglier&#224; di testa.</p><p>L'uomo si mise a ridere forte. </p><p>- E adesso me lo dici? <br>- E da allora ho ricevuto e ricever&#242; tutti i mazzi di fiori. <br>- Ah, cos&#236; &#232;!? <br>- Proprio, s&#236;! </p><p>Ella si svincol&#242; e corse avanti. </p><p>La fanciulla era sempre pi&#249; meravigliata. Non sapeva che quelli erano sposini novelli. </p><p>Si confusero in una densa folla pigiata. La fanciulla salt&#242; una pozzanghera e si bagn&#242; tutte le calze. Quando entr&#242; nella sala con gioia not&#242; che, in seconda fila, vicino alla coppia di prima, vi erano posti vuoti. </p><p>Sedendo vicino ad essi, sent&#236; le loro ultime parole. </p><p>- Finiscila con questa commedia!<br>- Fin da questa sera me ne torno a casa. E le valige le mander&#242; a prendere! <br>- S&#249;, anche i particolari ora! <br>- Sta zitto, idiota! <br>- Insopportabile! </p><p>La gente cominci&#242; a voltarsi e a guardarli. <br>Tacquero ambedue, imbronciati. </p><p>La fanciulla per un miracolo non scoppi&#242; a ridere forte. Ma subito fu colpita da pesanti parole pacate, che cadevano alle sue spalle. </p><p>- Nella minestra io metto solo carote e pepe nero&#8230;<br>- No, cara, ci voglio assolutamente anche le patate. </p><p>La fanciulla sospir&#242;. Strano &#232; il mondo. Non riusciva a capirlo. E cominci&#242; a guardare.</p><p>Nei palchi si cominciavano a vedere le prime macchie di colore delle tolette femminili. Qualcuno appress&#242; agli occhi il binocolo: le donne si interessavano della esposizione di mode; gli uomini della parata della carne. </p><p>Davanti a lei si attendeva con impazienza la vennuta di qualche conoscente, a destra si cercava una persona per qualche affare. </p><p>Ma, e il cantante? si chiedeva la fanciulla. </p><p>Quando il sipario si apr&#236;, le luci svanirono all'improvviso; dalla scena si diffuse un buffo di aria fresca e piacevole che si mescol&#242; alla calda melanconia dell'<em>ouverture</em>. </p><p>La giovane coppia era imbronciata. I binocoli volgevano le loro orbite nere e lucenti verso le luci abbaglianti dei riflettori che immergevano i cantanti in un bagno di luce. </p><p>La fanciulla guardava trasognata. </p><p>Ma quando una serpe scarlatta s'avvolse intorno a una trave e guizz&#242; verso il soffitto un unico, grido, enorme scosse il teatro. Fra il crepitare delle fiamme e gli strilli delle donne cominci&#242; una lotta atroce e terribile. Un fumo acre serrava la gola e accecava. La ragazza vide, come in sogno, una giovane sposa gettarsi nelle braccia del marito. Egli la prese in ispalla come un bambino e tutti e due scomparvero in quel caos di corpi che lottavano... La mattina dopo, il proprietario di una nota ditta usc&#236; sulla soglia del negozio per comprarsi il gior nale. Dopo rientrando, lev&#242; gli occhi verso la bambola in vetrina.</p><p>S'&#232; sciupata molto - pens&#242; - bisogna vestirla a nuovo, ha persino le calze infangate. </p><p>Dopo due giorni le signorine del magazzino rivestirono la piccola figurina di giovanetta: le misero delle calzette d'argento, delle scarpe di pelle di diavolo, una vestina azzurra di crespo di Cina, e sulle spalle una volpe bianca. Ma s'accorsero che il visetto era pensoso. Da allora la fanciulla non os&#242; pi&#249; di uscire dalla vetrina. Da lontano tutto era diverso e pi&#249; bello.</p></blockquote><p></p><p>l'Armata Rossa, l'Inghilterra e l'America avanzano, nel loro tipico spirito antieuropeo. Germania, Italia, Bulgaria, Ungheria e Giappone - le potenze dell'Asse - persero la guerra.</p><p>Il comunismo entra nei confini del Regno di Bulgaria. Migliaia di bulgari vengono massacrati, l'intellighenzia del popolo viene processata e poi fucilata.</p><p>Al suo processo, Fanny non &#232; stata uccisa, ma &#232; stata condannata a sette anni di carcere per "magno sciovinismo bulgaro".</p><p>Ha passato 11 mesi dietro le sbarre perch&#233; sofferente di asma e le autorit&#224; l'hanno "generosamente" rilasciata, ma gli anni duri per la scrittrice dovevano ancora venire. Il nuovo governo comunista non le ha permesso di pubblicare e molte delle sue opere sono cadute nelle liste di divieto. I suoi amici dicono di averla vista accendere la stufa con pagine dei suoi libri. Sopravvive a malapena, poich&#233; suo marito Ciavdar Mutafov, anche lui vittima del nuovo governo, viene mandato in un campo. Lo scrittore &#232; condannato. Quando dall'estero scrivono al Comitato Centrale del BKP&nbsp;(Partito Comunista Bulgaro)&nbsp;chiedendo di tradure Fanny, gli viene detto che &#8220;<em><strong>&#232; morta</strong></em>&#8221;...</p><p>Il suo unico sostentamento era tradurre dall'italiano. Lei doveva scrivere una lettera personale all'amico professore Luigi Salvini, mandarle dei libri da far tradurre. Ahim&#232;, la lettera non ha lasciato mai il paese.</p><p>Nel giugno 1977 si ammal&#242; gravemente di tubercolosi. La sua salute sta rapidamente peggiorando. All'Accademia medica, viene trasferita da una stanza all'altra. L'ultimo giorno di giugno chiede una sepoltura in chiesa. Questo era l'ultimo desiderio di Fanny Popova.&nbsp;Ma il giorno dopo, alcuni &#8220;parenti&#8221; si presentano per il corpo e non vogliono nemmeno sentir parlare di una sepoltura in chiesa. Viene organizzata una cerimonia civile. Non era presente una sola persona per&#242; dell'Unione degli scrittori. Un vecchio amico di Fanny, il vescovo Parthenii, celebra il giorno dopo un funerale senza il corpo...</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4m1T!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d01370f-a4e2-4141-bd02-3d7b77cd5428_600x930.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4m1T!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d01370f-a4e2-4141-bd02-3d7b77cd5428_600x930.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4m1T!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d01370f-a4e2-4141-bd02-3d7b77cd5428_600x930.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4m1T!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d01370f-a4e2-4141-bd02-3d7b77cd5428_600x930.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4m1T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d01370f-a4e2-4141-bd02-3d7b77cd5428_600x930.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4m1T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d01370f-a4e2-4141-bd02-3d7b77cd5428_600x930.jpeg" width="456" height="706.8" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6d01370f-a4e2-4141-bd02-3d7b77cd5428_600x930.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:930,&quot;width&quot;:600,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:456,&quot;bytes&quot;:519461,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4m1T!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d01370f-a4e2-4141-bd02-3d7b77cd5428_600x930.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4m1T!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d01370f-a4e2-4141-bd02-3d7b77cd5428_600x930.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4m1T!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d01370f-a4e2-4141-bd02-3d7b77cd5428_600x930.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4m1T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d01370f-a4e2-4141-bd02-3d7b77cd5428_600x930.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Fanny Popova, circa 1970</figcaption></figure></div><p>Fanny Popova-Mutafova lascia un segno indelebile nella nostra letteratura con la sua notevole presenza umana e creativa. Stabilisce nuove tendenze e prospettive per lo sviluppo del romanzo storico bulgaro, la cui influenza pu&#242; essere fatta risalire ai giorni nostri. Tutta la sua vita e il suo percorso creativo sono un'illustrazione della sua convinzione che uno scrittore non pu&#242; vivere distaccato dai problemi del suo tempo. Le sue opere sono state tradotte in oltre 10 lingue. I suoi romanzi si leggono ancora oggi.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[ПОТАПЯНЕ : ТЯ | Изложба на Йохана Траянова. Рецензия]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#1042; &#1094;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1098;&#1088;&#1072; &#1085;&#1072; &#1089;&#1090;&#1086;&#1083;&#1080;&#1094;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072;, &#1074; &#1087;&#1086;&#1076;&#1079;&#1077;&#1084;&#1085;&#1086;&#1090;&#1086; &#1082;&#1091;&#1083;&#1090;&#1091;&#1088;&#1085;&#1086; &#1087;&#1088;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1088;&#1072;&#1085;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086; &#8220;&#1041;&#1086;&#1073;&#1080;&#1085;&#1072;&#8221;, &#1087;&#1088;&#1077;&#1079; &#1080;&#1079;&#1084;&#1080;&#1085;&#1072;&#1083;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1089;&#1077;&#1076;&#1084;&#1080;&#1094;&#1072; &#1073;&#1103;&#1093;&#1072; &#1087;&#1088;&#1077;&#1076;&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1074;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080; &#1080; &#1080;&#1079;&#1083;&#1086;&#1078;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080; &#1085;&#1103;&#1082;&#1086;&#1083;&#1082;&#1086; &#1092;&#1086;&#1090;&#1086;&#1075;&#1088;&#1072;&#1092;&#1080;&#1080;, &#1082;&#1086;&#1080;&#1090;&#1086; &#1080;&#1079;&#1076;&#1080;&#1075;&#1072;&#1090; &#1076;&#1091;&#1096;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1085;&#1072;&#1076; &#8220;&#1058;&#1088;&#1080;&#1072;&#1076;&#1080;&#1094;&#1072;&#8221; 5 &#1080; &#1080;&#1079;&#1086;&#1073;&#1097;&#1086; &#1085;&#1072;&#1076; &#1079;&#1077;&#1084;&#1085;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1087;&#1086;&#1074;&#1098;&#1088;&#1093;&#1085;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;.]]></description><link>https://poptodorov.substack.com/p/f31</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://poptodorov.substack.com/p/f31</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Boris-Mihail popTodorov]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 12 Mar 2024 19:47:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf_H!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302127f6-2269-42a3-8e8e-5f42e0f6178f_2048x1365.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf_H!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302127f6-2269-42a3-8e8e-5f42e0f6178f_2048x1365.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf_H!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302127f6-2269-42a3-8e8e-5f42e0f6178f_2048x1365.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf_H!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302127f6-2269-42a3-8e8e-5f42e0f6178f_2048x1365.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sf_H!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F302127f6-2269-42a3-8e8e-5f42e0f6178f_2048x1365.jpeg 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&#1089;&#1074;&#1086;&#1077;&#1085;&#1088;&#1072;&#1074;&#1085;&#1086;. &#1058;&#1072;&#1082;&#1072; &#1095;&#1077; &#1076;&#1072; - &#1090;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077;&#1090;&#1086; &#1077; &#1087;&#1086;-&#1074;&#1072;&#1078;&#1085;&#1086; &#1086;&#1090; &#1090;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1077;&#1094;&#1072;, &#1090;&#1098;&#1081; &#1082;&#1072;&#1090;&#1086; &#1090;&#1086; &#1075;&#1086; &#1087;&#1088;&#1077;&#1086;&#1076;&#1086;&#1083;&#1103;&#1074;&#1072; &#1080; &#1074;&#1098;&#1079;&#1087;&#1088;&#1080;&#1077;&#1084;&#1072; &#1085;&#1077;&#1084;&#1072;&#1090;&#1077;&#1088;&#1080;&#1072;&#1083;&#1077;&#1085; &#1086;&#1073;&#1083;&#1080;&#1082;. &#1053;&#1086; &#1082;&#1086;&#1075;&#1072;&#1090;&#1086; &#1090;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1077;&#1094;&#1098;&#1090; &#1103;&#1089;&#1085;&#1086; &#1089;&#1098;&#1079;&#1085;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072; &#1090;&#1086;&#1074;&#1072; &#1080; &#1089;&#1084;&#1080;&#1088;&#1077;&#1085;&#1086; &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1080; &#1089; &#1073;&#1086;&#1078;&#1077;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077; &#1087;&#1086;&#1093;&#1074;&#1072;&#1090;&#1080; &#1085;&#1072; &#1087;&#1088;&#1080;&#1088;&#1086;&#1076;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072;, &#1090;&#1086;&#1075;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072; &#1041;&#1086;&#1078;&#1077;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086;&#1090;&#1086; &#1080;&#1079;&#1076;&#1080;&#1075;&#1072; &#1095;&#1086;&#1074;&#1077;&#1082;&#1072; &#1080; &#1084;&#1091; &#1086;&#1090;&#1088;&#1077;&#1078;&#1076;&#1072; &#1076;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1086;&#1081;&#1085;&#1086; &#1084;&#1103;&#1089;&#1090;&#1086; &#1076;&#1086; &#1089;&#1086;&#1073;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1077;&#1085;&#1086;&#1090;&#1086; &#1084;&#1091; &#1090;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077;.</p><p>&nbsp;&#1058;&#1086;&#1074;&#1072; &#1103;&#1074;&#1083;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077; &#1085;&#1072;&#1073;&#1083;&#1102;&#1076;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072;&#1084;&#1077; &#1080; &#1090;&#1091;&#1082;. &#1043;-&#1078;&#1072; &#1049;&#1086;&#1093;&#1072;&#1085;&#1072; &#1058;&#1088;&#1072;&#1103;&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1072; &#1084;&#1086;&#1078;&#1077; &#1076;&#1072; &#1089;&#1077; &#1075;&#1086;&#1088;&#1076;&#1077;&#1077; &#1089;&#1098;&#1089; &#1089;&#1074;&#1086;&#1077;&#1090;&#1086; &#1090;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077;, &#1079;&#1072;&#1097;&#1086;&#1090;&#1086; &#1090;&#1103; &#1075;&#1086; &#1085;&#1086;&#1089;&#1080; &#1089;&#1084;&#1077;&#1083;&#1086; &#1074; &#1089;&#1077;&#1073;&#1077; &#1089;&#1080;, &#1089;&#1083;&#1077;&#1076; &#1082;&#1072;&#1090;&#1086; &#1089;&#1080; &#1077; &#1080;&#1079;&#1074;&#1086;&#1102;&#1074;&#1072;&#1083;&#1072;, &#1095;&#1088;&#1077;&#1079; &#1089;&#1084;&#1080;&#1088;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077; &#1080; &#1091;&#1087;&#1086;&#1088;&#1080;&#1090; &#1090;&#1088;&#1091;&#1076;, &#1041;&#1086;&#1078;&#1077;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1077;&#1085;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1073;&#1083;&#1072;&#1075;&#1086;&#1076;&#1072;&#1090;. &#1052;&#1072;&#1083;&#1094;&#1080;&#1085;&#1072; &#1089;&#1072; &#1090;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1094;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077; &#1074; &#1089;&#1098;&#1074;&#1088;&#1077;&#1084;&#1080;&#1077;&#1090;&#1086;, &#1082;&#1086;&#1080;&#1090;&#1086; &#1084;&#1086;&#1075;&#1072;&#1090; &#1076;&#1072; &#1089;&#1077; &#1087;&#1086;&#1093;&#1074;&#1072;&#1083;&#1103;&#1090; &#1089; &#1087;&#1086;&#1076;&#1086;&#1073;&#1085;&#1086; &#1085;&#1077;&#1097;&#1086;.</p><p>&nbsp;&#1042;&#1098;&#1087;&#1088;&#1077;&#1082;&#1080; &#1078;&#1077;&#1083;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077;&#1090;&#1086; &#1076;&#1072; &#1089;&#1077; &#1082;&#1086;&#1085;&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1090;&#1080;&#1088;&#1072; &#1077;&#1076;&#1080;&#1085; &#1092;&#1072;&#1082;&#1090; - &#1095;&#1077; &#1078;&#1077;&#1085;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1089;&#1090;&#1086;&#1080; &#1088;&#1077;&#1076;&#1086;&#1084; &#1076;&#1086; &#1084;&#1098;&#1078;&#1072; &#1080; &#1085;&#1077; &#1084;&#1091; &#1086;&#1090;&#1089;&#1090;&#1098;&#1087;&#1074;&#1072; &#1074; &#1076;&#1091;&#1096;&#1077;&#1074;&#1085;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077; &#1072;&#1089;&#1087;&#1077;&#1082;&#1090;&#1080; - &#1080; &#1076;&#1072; &#1089;&#1077; &#1086;&#1090;&#1087;&#1088;&#1072;&#1074;&#1080; &#1087;&#1086;&#1089;&#1083;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077; &#1082;&#1098;&#1084; &#1086;&#1073;&#1097;&#1077;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086;&#1090;&#1086;, &#1074;&#1089;&#1098;&#1097;&#1085;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090; &#1077; &#1087;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1080;&#1075;&#1085;&#1072;&#1090;&#1086; &#1084;&#1085;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; &#1087;&#1086;&#1074;&#1077;&#1095;&#1077;. &#1060;&#1086;&#1090;&#1086;&#1075;&#1088;&#1072;&#1092;&#1098;&#1090; &#1077; &#1091;&#1083;&#1086;&#1074;&#1080;&#1083; &#1074;&#1088;&#1098;&#1079;&#1082;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1084;&#1077;&#1078;&#1076;&#1091; &#1078;&#1077;&#1085;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1103; &#1093;&#1072;&#1088;&#1072;&#1082;&#1090;&#1077;&#1088; &#1080; &#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1095;&#1077;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077; &#1094;&#1074;&#1077;&#1090;&#1086;&#1074;&#1077;. &#1059;&#1083;&#1086;&#1074;&#1077;&#1085; &#1077; &#1084;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1098;&#1090; &#1084;&#1077;&#1078;&#1076;&#1091; &#1095;&#1086;&#1074;&#1077;&#1096;&#1082;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1076;&#1091;&#1096;&#1072; &#1080; &#1041;&#1086;&#1078;&#1080;&#1077;&#1090;&#1086; &#1090;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077; - &#1087;&#1088;&#1080;&#1088;&#1086;&#1076;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072;. &#1050;&#1086;&#1081; &#1076;&#1088;&#1091;&#1075; &#1084;&#1086;&#1078;&#1077; &#1076;&#1072; &#1089;&#1077; &#1087;&#1086;&#1093;&#1074;&#1072;&#1083;&#1080; &#1089; &#1090;&#1086;&#1074;&#1072;? &#1050;&#1086;&#1081; &#1084;&#1086;&#1078;&#1077; &#1076;&#1072; &#1082;&#1072;&#1078;&#1077; <em>&#1040;&#1079; &#1079;&#1072;&#1089;&#1085;&#1077;&#1093; &#1078;&#1077;&#1085;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1077;&#1085;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1090;&#1072;, &#1091;&#1083;&#1086;&#1074;&#1080;&#1093; &#1045;&#1074;&#1072; &#1074; &#1084;&#1086;&#1103;&#1090;&#1072; <strong>&#1057;&#1080;&#1083;&#1072; 1</strong></em>? &#1057;&#1087;&#1086;&#1088;&#1077;&#1076; &#1084;&#1077;&#1085; &#1058;&#1088;&#1072;&#1103;&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1072; &#1077; &#1087;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1080;&#1075;&#1085;&#1072;&#1083;&#1072; &#1090;&#1086;&#1074;&#1072; &#1080; &#1086;&#1097;&#1077; &#1084;&#1085;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; &#1076;&#1088;&#1091;&#1075;&#1080;, &#1074;&#1089;&#1077; &#1085;&#1077;&#1084;&#1080;&#1089;&#1083;&#1080;&#1084;&#1080; &#1079;&#1072; &#1092;&#1086;&#1090;&#1086;&#1076;&#1086;&#1082;&#1091;&#1084;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1072;&#1083;&#1080;&#1089;&#1090;&#1080;&#1082;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072;, &#1087;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1080;&#1078;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1tlD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce89d7e-5f6a-45d4-b864-8c0976c7f2df_1311x1318.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1tlD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce89d7e-5f6a-45d4-b864-8c0976c7f2df_1311x1318.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1tlD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce89d7e-5f6a-45d4-b864-8c0976c7f2df_1311x1318.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1tlD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce89d7e-5f6a-45d4-b864-8c0976c7f2df_1311x1318.png 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1tlD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce89d7e-5f6a-45d4-b864-8c0976c7f2df_1311x1318.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1tlD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce89d7e-5f6a-45d4-b864-8c0976c7f2df_1311x1318.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1tlD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce89d7e-5f6a-45d4-b864-8c0976c7f2df_1311x1318.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" 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&#1077;&#1076;&#1080;&#1085; &#1073;&#1083;&#1077;&#1076; &#1086;&#1095;&#1077;&#1088;&#1082;]</em>.</p><p></p><ul><li><p>&nbsp;&#1046;&#1077;&#1085;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1089;&#1077; &#1089;&#1098;&#1079;&#1076;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072; &#1074; <em><strong>&#1041;&#1086;&#1088;&#1073;&#1072;</strong></em>, &#1087;&#1086;&#1088;&#1072;&#1078;&#1076;&#1072; &#1073;&#1086;&#1088;&#1073;&#1080; &#1080; &#1087;&#1086;&#1090;&#1091;&#1096;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072; &#1090;&#1072;&#1082;&#1080;&#1074;&#1072;. &#1053;&#1086; &#1073;&#1086;&#1088;&#1073;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1074; &#1089;&#1086;&#1073;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1077;&#1085;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1117; &#1076;&#1091;&#1096;&#1072; &#1085;&#1077; &#1073;&#1103;&#1093; &#1074;&#1080;&#1078;&#1076;&#1072;&#1083; &#1076;&#1086; &#1089;&#1077;&#1075;&#1072; &#1090;&#1086;&#1083;&#1082;&#1086;&#1074;&#1072; &#1082;&#1088;&#1080;&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1083;&#1085;&#1086; &#1103;&#1089;&#1085;&#1086;, &#1082;&#1086;&#1083;&#1082;&#1086;&#1090;&#1086; &#1090;&#1091;&#1082;.&nbsp;&#1057;&#1074;&#1077;&#1090;&#1083;&#1080;&#1085;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072;, &#1087;&#1088;&#1080;&#1079;&#1086;&#1074;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072;&#1097;&#1072; &#1090;&#1098;&#1084;&#1085;&#1080;&#1085;&#1072;, &#1078;&#1077;&#1083;&#1072;&#1077;&#1097;&#1072; &#1076;&#1072; &#1085;&#1072;&#1087;&#1091;&#1089;&#1085;&#1077; &#1087;&#1098;&#1088;&#1074;&#1086;&#1085;&#1072;&#1095;&#1072;&#1083;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103; &#1080;&#1079;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;, &#1085;&#1086; &#1089;&#1098;&#1097;&#1086; &#1080; &#1076;&#1072; &#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1085;&#1077;, &#1079;&#1072;&#1080;&#1075;&#1088;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072;&#1097;&#1072; &#1089;&#1077; &#1089;&#1098;&#1089; &#1089;&#1074;&#1086;&#1103;&#1090;&#1072; &#1087;&#1086;&#1082;&#1074;&#1072;&#1088;&#1072;, &#1085;&#1086; &#1080;&#1079;&#1087;&#1077;&#1087;&#1077;&#1083;&#1103;&#1074;&#1072;&#1097;&#1072; &#1074;&#1089;&#1080;&#1095;&#1082;&#1086; &#1089;&#1082;&#1074;&#1077;&#1088;&#1085;&#1086;, &#1077; &#1074; &#1086;&#1089;&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1085;&#1072; &#1090;&#1086;&#1079;&#1080; &#1084;&#1086;&#1090;&#1080;&#1074;. &#1044;&#1091;&#1072;&#1083;&#1080;&#1079;&#1084;&#1098;&#1090; &#1085;&#1072; &#1052;&#1080;&#1090;&#1088;&#1072; &#1087;&#1086;&#1083;&#1091;&#1095;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072; &#1089;&#1074;&#1077;&#1090;&#1083;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1087;&#1077;&#1083;&#1077;&#1088;&#1080;&#1085;&#1072; &#1085;&#1072; &#1076;&#1098;&#1083;&#1073;&#1086;&#1082;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077; &#1094;&#1074;&#1077;&#1090;&#1086;&#1074;&#1077;.</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNGJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe200d60-6fad-4b49-a633-cea5412db9f7_2072x1644.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNGJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe200d60-6fad-4b49-a633-cea5412db9f7_2072x1644.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNGJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe200d60-6fad-4b49-a633-cea5412db9f7_2072x1644.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNGJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe200d60-6fad-4b49-a633-cea5412db9f7_2072x1644.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNGJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe200d60-6fad-4b49-a633-cea5412db9f7_2072x1644.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNGJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe200d60-6fad-4b49-a633-cea5412db9f7_2072x1644.png" width="546" height="433.125" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fe200d60-6fad-4b49-a633-cea5412db9f7_2072x1644.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1155,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:546,&quot;bytes&quot;:4616252,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNGJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe200d60-6fad-4b49-a633-cea5412db9f7_2072x1644.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNGJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe200d60-6fad-4b49-a633-cea5412db9f7_2072x1644.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNGJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe200d60-6fad-4b49-a633-cea5412db9f7_2072x1644.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNGJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe200d60-6fad-4b49-a633-cea5412db9f7_2072x1644.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#1041;&#1086;&#1088;&#1073;&#1072; | Fight</figcaption></figure></div><ul><li><p>&#1046;&#1077;&#1085;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1080;&#1084;&#1072; &#1085;&#1091;&#1078;&#1076;&#1072; &#1086;&#1090;, &#1085;&#1086; &#1080; &#1080;&#1079;&#1083;&#1098;&#1095;&#1074;&#1072; <em><strong>&#1047;&#1072;&#1082;&#1088;&#1080;&#1083;&#1072;</strong></em>. &#1054;&#1090; &#1083;&#1103;&#1074;&#1086; &#1085;&#1072;&#1076;&#1103;&#1089;&#1085;&#1086; &#1085;&#1072;&#1073;&#1083;&#1102;&#1076;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072;&#1084;&#1077;: &#1085;&#1091;&#1078;&#1076;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; - &#1082;&#1088;&#1077;&#1093;&#1082;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1090;&#1072;, &#1089;&#1074;&#1077;&#1078;&#1077;&#1089;&#1090;&#1090;&#1072;, &#1076;&#1077;&#1074;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1077;&#1085;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1090;&#1072;; &#1090;&#1098;&#1088;&#1089;&#1077;&#1085;&#1077;&#1090;&#1086; - &#1102;&#1085;&#1086;&#1096;&#1077;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077; &#1075;&#1086;&#1076;&#1080;&#1085;&#1080;, &#1087;&#1098;&#1088;&#1074;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077; &#1076;&#1086;&#1087;&#1080;&#1088;&#1080; &#1076;&#1086; &#1084;&#1098;&#1078;&#1072;, &#1089;&#1098;&#1087;&#1088;&#1080;&#1095;&#1072;&#1089;&#1090;&#1085;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1090;&#1072;; &#1080;&#1079;&#1083;&#1098;&#1095;&#1074;&#1072;&#1085;&#1077;&#1090;&#1086; - &#1074;&#1077;&#1095;&#1077; &#1089;&#1098;&#1075;&#1088;&#1072;&#1076;&#1077;&#1085;&#1086;&#1090;&#1086; &#1089;&#1077;&#1084;&#1077;&#1081;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086;, &#1095;&#1072;&#1089;&#1090; &#1086;&#1090; &#1086;&#1073;&#1097;&#1085;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1090;&#1072;, &#1089;&#1087;&#1086;&#1082;&#1086;&#1081;&#1085;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1089;&#1084;&#1098;&#1088;&#1090; &#1089;&#1083;&#1077;&#1076; &#1082;&#1072;&#1090;&#1086; <em>&#1087;&#1083;&#1086;&#1076;&#1098;&#1090; &#1085;&#1072; &#1085;&#1077;&#1081;&#1085;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1091;&#1090;&#1088;&#1086;&#1073;&#1072;</em> &#1077; &#1079;&#1072;&#1087;&#1072;&#1079;&#1077;&#1085;.</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OaqI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b4a8e7-763d-427a-86f1-7af31f05b320_1849x1487.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OaqI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b4a8e7-763d-427a-86f1-7af31f05b320_1849x1487.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OaqI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b4a8e7-763d-427a-86f1-7af31f05b320_1849x1487.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OaqI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b4a8e7-763d-427a-86f1-7af31f05b320_1849x1487.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OaqI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b4a8e7-763d-427a-86f1-7af31f05b320_1849x1487.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OaqI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b4a8e7-763d-427a-86f1-7af31f05b320_1849x1487.png" width="548" height="440.7335164835165" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/84b4a8e7-763d-427a-86f1-7af31f05b320_1849x1487.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1171,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:548,&quot;bytes&quot;:3270390,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#1047;&#1072;&#1082;&#1088;&#1080;&#1083;&#1072; | Protection</figcaption></figure></div><ul><li><p>&#1048; &#1084;&#1086;&#1090;&#1080;&#1074;&#1098;&#1090;, &#1082;&#1086;&#1081;&#1090;&#1086; &#1084;&#1077; &#1074;&#1087;&#1077;&#1095;&#1072;&#1090;&#1083;&#1080; &#1085;&#1072;&#1081;-&#1084;&#1085;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086;. <em><strong>&#1052;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103;</strong></em>&#1090;&#1072; &#1085;&#1072; &#1078;&#1077;&#1085;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072;, &#1082;&#1086;&#1103;&#1090;&#1086; &#1089;&#1072;&#1084;&#1072; &#1077; &#1080;&#1079;&#1073;&#1088;&#1072;&#1083;&#1072; &#1076;&#1072; &#1087;&#1088;&#1086;&#1084;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080; &#1082;&#1086;&#1085;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1094;&#1080;&#1103;&#1090;&#1072; &#1080; &#1088;&#1072;&#1079;&#1075;&#1083;&#1077;&#1078;&#1076;&#1072; &#1076;&#1091;&#1084;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1087;&#1086;&#1079;&#1080;&#1090;&#1080;&#1074;&#1085;&#1086;, &#1087;&#1088;&#1080;&#1076;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072;&#1081;&#1082;&#1080; &#1117; &#1085;&#1086;&#1074; &#1086;&#1073;&#1083;&#1080;&#1082;. &#1052;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103;&#1090;&#1072; &#1076;&#1072; &#1087;&#1088;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077;&#1078;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072;&#1096; &#1089;&#1074;&#1086;&#1073;&#1086;&#1076;&#1072;, &#1084;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103;&#1090;&#1072; &#1076;&#1072; &#1080;&#1084;&#1072;&#1096; &#1089;&#1086;&#1073;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1077;&#1085; &#1087;&#1098;&#1090;, &#1087;&#1086; &#1082;&#1086;&#1081;&#1090;&#1086; &#1076;&#1072; &#1087;&#1086;&#1077;&#1084;&#1077;&#1096;, &#1084;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103;&#1090;&#1072; &#1076;&#1072; &#1089;&#1077; &#1074;&#1083;&#1077;&#1077;&#1096; &#1074; &#1086;&#1073;&#1083;&#1072;&#1094;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077;, &#1076;&#1072; &#1090;&#1074;&#1086;&#1088;&#1080;&#1096;, &#1080;&#8230; &#1047;&#1072;&#1073;&#1077;&#1083;&#1103;&#1079;&#1072;&#1093;&#1090;&#1077; &#1083;&#1080;? &#1040;&#1082;&#1086; &#1085;&#1077;, &#1090;&#1086; <em><strong>&#1052;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103; 2</strong></em> &#1097;&#1077; &#1074;&#1080; &#1075;&#1086; &#1087;&#1086;&#1082;&#1072;&#1078;&#1077; &#1086;&#1090;&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1086;. &#1044;&#1077;&#1090;&#1077;&#1090;&#1086;, &#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1080;&#1103;&#1090; &#1076;&#1091;&#1093;, &#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1080;&#1103;&#1090; &#1078;&#1080;&#1074;&#1086;&#1090;, &#1087;&#1086;&#1073;&#1077;&#1076;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1085;&#1072;&#1076; &#1089;&#1084;&#1098;&#1088;&#1090;&#1090;&#1072; - &#1090;&#1086;&#1074;&#1072; &#1076;&#1074;&#1080;&#1078;&#1080; &#1078;&#1077;&#1085;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1086;&#1090; &#1086;&#1087;&#1088;&#1077;&#1076;&#1077;&#1083;&#1077;&#1085;&#1072; &#1074;&#1098;&#1079;&#1088;&#1072;&#1089;&#1090; &#1076;&#1086; &#1082;&#1088;&#1072;&#1103; &#1085;&#1072; &#1078;&#1080;&#1074;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072; &#1117;.</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wH6y!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45cae4f3-d551-46c0-bb21-73d32d490a19_2141x1751.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wH6y!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45cae4f3-d551-46c0-bb21-73d32d490a19_2141x1751.png 424w, 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stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#1052;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103; | Obsession</figcaption></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uu9r!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25007d10-eb0f-4259-9f37-c798280649ac_1500x1586.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uu9r!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25007d10-eb0f-4259-9f37-c798280649ac_1500x1586.png 424w, 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y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#1052;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103; | Obsession 2</figcaption></figure></div><p></p><p>&nbsp;&#1045;&#1090;&#1086; &#1082;&#1072;&#1082; &#1058;&#1088;&#1072;&#1103;&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1072; &#1087;&#1086;&#1082;&#1072;&#1079;&#1074;&#1072; &#1085;&#1072; &#1086;&#1073;&#1097;&#1077;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086;&#1090;&#1086;, &#1095;&#1077; &#1078;&#1077;&#1085;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1077; &#1087;&#1088;&#1077;&#1076;&#1080; &#1074;&#1089;&#1080;&#1095;&#1082;&#1086; &#1044;&#1091;&#1093; &#1086;&#1090; &#1089;&#1098;&#1074;&#1082;&#1091;&#1087;&#1085;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;&#1080; &#1080; &#1087;&#1088;&#1077;&#1078;&#1080;&#1074;&#1103;&#1074;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103;, &#1085;&#1086; &#1085;&#1077;&#1081;&#1085;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1094;&#1077;&#1083; &#1077; &#1077;&#1076;&#1085;&#1072; - &#1057;&#1077;&#1084;&#1077;&#1081;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086;&#1090;&#1086; &#1080; &#1053;&#1072;&#1089;&#1083;&#1077;&#1076;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086;&#1090;&#1086;. &#1047;&#1072;&#1097;&#1086;&#1090;&#1086; <em><strong>&#1090;&#1103;</strong></em>, &#1087;&#1086;&#1076;&#1086;&#1073;&#1085;&#1086; &#1085;&#1072; &#1077;&#1076;&#1085;&#1086; &#1094;&#1074;&#1077;&#1090;&#1077;, &#1088;&#1072;&#1079;&#1075;&#1088;&#1098;&#1097;&#1072; &#1080;&#1089;&#1090;&#1080;&#1085;&#1089;&#1082;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1089;&#1080; &#1082;&#1088;&#1072;&#1089;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072; &#1080; &#1094;&#1098;&#1092;&#1090;&#1080; &#1089;&#1072;&#1084;&#1086; &#1090;&#1086;&#1075;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072;, &#1082;&#1086;&#1075;&#1072;&#1090;&#1086; &#1079;&#1072;&#1089;&#1090;&#1072;&#1085;&#1077; &#1085;&#1072; &#1089;&#1074;&#1086;&#1103; &#1076;&#1091;&#1096;&#1077;&#1074;&#1077;&#1085; &#1087;&#1088;&#1077;&#1089;&#1090;&#1086;&#1083; &#1080; &#1089;&#1098;&#1079;&#1076;&#1072;&#1076;&#1077; &#1046;&#1080;&#1074;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072; - &#1087;&#1088;&#1086;&#1076;&#1098;&#1083;&#1078;&#1077;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077;&#1090;&#1086; &#1085;&#1072; &#1085;&#1072;&#1096;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072; &#1087;&#1083;&#1072;&#1085;&#1077;&#1090;&#1072;, &#1087;&#1088;&#1080;&#1088;&#1086;&#1076;&#1072;, &#1085;&#1072; &#1089;&#1072;&#1084;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077; &#1085;&#1072;&#1089; &#1080; &#1085;&#1072; &#1085;&#1072;&#1096;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077; &#1085;&#1072;&#1076;&#1077;&#1078;&#1076;&#1080;.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Palestrina's Stabat Mater beyond the Partitur]]></title><description><![CDATA[Analysis, Interpretation, Prayer]]></description><link>https://poptodorov.substack.com/p/palestrinas-stabat-mater-beyond-the</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://poptodorov.substack.com/p/palestrinas-stabat-mater-beyond-the</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Boris-Mihail popTodorov]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 20:18:13 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d4sc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21e7cdb-8484-4463-9f71-9938c86d8773_1145x1590.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d4sc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21e7cdb-8484-4463-9f71-9938c86d8773_1145x1590.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d4sc!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21e7cdb-8484-4463-9f71-9938c86d8773_1145x1590.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d4sc!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21e7cdb-8484-4463-9f71-9938c86d8773_1145x1590.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d4sc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21e7cdb-8484-4463-9f71-9938c86d8773_1145x1590.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d4sc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21e7cdb-8484-4463-9f71-9938c86d8773_1145x1590.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d4sc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21e7cdb-8484-4463-9f71-9938c86d8773_1145x1590.png" width="266" height="369.3799126637555" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d4sc!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21e7cdb-8484-4463-9f71-9938c86d8773_1145x1590.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d4sc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21e7cdb-8484-4463-9f71-9938c86d8773_1145x1590.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d4sc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21e7cdb-8484-4463-9f71-9938c86d8773_1145x1590.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina - Born in Palestrina, Italy, c.1525; died in Rome, 2 February 1594</em>...</figcaption></figure></div><p>  In modern times, musical performers have become more focused on technical skill, rather than the spiritual essence of the music they create. While agility and motor technique are important, they are not enough to truly capture the essence of European music. The great composers of the past, like Palestrina, were much more sensitive to the spiritual and metaphysical aspects of performance. They understood that focusing solely on the notes and practicing without regard to the deeper meaning of the music can limit the creator and fail to capture the true intentions of the composer.<br> Therefore, it is necessary for performers to analyze works before beginning the rehearsal process.</p><p>&nbsp;During his lifetime, most of Palestrina's music was unpublished and remained in manuscript. This fact was not considered odd or shameful during the 16th century. Among the manuscripts that Palestrina left behind, one was the <em><strong>Stabat Mater</strong></em>.</p><p> The composer himself felt the power of his creation. Here, among all his manuscripts, the Stabat Mater stands out both for its depth and subtlety and for the following:</p><ul><li><p>  First, Palestrina seems to have intended it as a gift for Gregory XIV, who died in 1591, barely ten months after he was consecrated pope.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3wMM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcdff6b46-f571-4d77-8542-c165f9f423ae_2881x4074.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3wMM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcdff6b46-f571-4d77-8542-c165f9f423ae_2881x4074.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3wMM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcdff6b46-f571-4d77-8542-c165f9f423ae_2881x4074.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3wMM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcdff6b46-f571-4d77-8542-c165f9f423ae_2881x4074.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3wMM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcdff6b46-f571-4d77-8542-c165f9f423ae_2881x4074.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3wMM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcdff6b46-f571-4d77-8542-c165f9f423ae_2881x4074.jpeg" width="264" height="373.33516483516485" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3wMM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcdff6b46-f571-4d77-8542-c165f9f423ae_2881x4074.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3wMM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcdff6b46-f571-4d77-8542-c165f9f423ae_2881x4074.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3wMM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcdff6b46-f571-4d77-8542-c165f9f423ae_2881x4074.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div></li><li><p>Second, the pontifical choristers guarded it closely, unlike the majority of Palestrina's or any other composer's works, which they did not keep under lock and key. Interestingly, these choristers would later adopt the same possessive attitude towards Gregorio Allegri's <em><strong>Miserere</strong></em>.</p></li><li><p>Third, on Palm Sunday each year, the choristers sang the opening section. While Palestrina, due to his liturgical responsibilities, would often set the same words to different music, it is not known that he ever set the Stabat Mater to any other music in his life.</p></li></ul><p> Charles Burney published the score outside Rome in 1771 after obtaining a copy from papal sources the previous year.<br> The music eventually reached Dresden, where a young Wagner was able to locate it. He was so moved by the music that he conducted it with the Hofkirche singers in 1848. Interestingly, six other versions of the Stabat Mater had been published before Wagner's premiere, after Burney's original edition.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jj1K!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F933057fe-d56e-41b2-8c26-120ff108c826_583x700.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jj1K!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F933057fe-d56e-41b2-8c26-120ff108c826_583x700.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jj1K!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F933057fe-d56e-41b2-8c26-120ff108c826_583x700.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jj1K!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F933057fe-d56e-41b2-8c26-120ff108c826_583x700.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jj1K!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F933057fe-d56e-41b2-8c26-120ff108c826_583x700.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jj1K!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F933057fe-d56e-41b2-8c26-120ff108c826_583x700.png" width="277" height="332.59005145797596" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/933057fe-d56e-41b2-8c26-120ff108c826_583x700.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:700,&quot;width&quot;:583,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:277,&quot;bytes&quot;:131856,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jj1K!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F933057fe-d56e-41b2-8c26-120ff108c826_583x700.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jj1K!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F933057fe-d56e-41b2-8c26-120ff108c826_583x700.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jj1K!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F933057fe-d56e-41b2-8c26-120ff108c826_583x700.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jj1K!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F933057fe-d56e-41b2-8c26-120ff108c826_583x700.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Richard Wagner, <strong>Imagination creates reality</strong></em></figcaption></figure></div><p> Wagner published his imaginative edition in 1878, around the time Palestrina's collected works were becoming available in libraries thanks to musicologist-publisher Franz Xaver Haberl.</p><p> One can easily understand why Wagner was so captivated by the work from its very beginning. On paper, the chord sequence may appear simple to the point of being tedious, but in reality, in practice, it captures one's attention, much like Wagner could captivate his listeners' attention through simple devices such as a rising C major arpeggio.</p><p><strong>In the partitur</strong>, overall, the Stabat Mater is known for being less polyphonic compared to Palestrina&#8217;s other works. There are moments in the composition where the <em>antiphony</em> of Giovanni Gabrieli and his fellow Venetians can be heard. While there are no explicit tempo changes, the piece displays a certain flexibility in its approach, which was uncommon during the 16th century. Back then, musicians usually assumed that the basic rhythmic pulse (known as <em><strong>tactus</strong></em>) would remain constant, even if the time signature changed from duple metre to triple metre or vice versa.</p><p><strong>Beyond the partitur</strong>, Palestrina constructed an indestructible musical-lyrical fortress in response to his noble and mystic soul's call. In some places, we find even the typical silence in the melody, inherent in the Eastern Orthodox musical extraction of the sound. At the moment of Christ's descent from the Cross, the depiction of the women approaching the Mother of God in the <em><strong>Soli and Semi Chorus</strong></em> is masterful. In Pergolesi's work, the emphasis is on the expression of divine indignation by the Mother. However, in Palestrina's composition, we see a depiction of the intense inner pain caused by the cruelty of humans. The composition also showcases the humility of the Submissive Maid, who was chosen as the First among all women and the entire human race. Early Christianity is idolized, and hope in the Resurrection is found in the sharp attack <em><strong>Full Chorus without Soli</strong></em>. The quick return to reality is within <em><strong>Soli only</strong></em>. An incredible passage from unspeakable sorrow to victory in hope at <em><strong>ut animae donetur paradisi gloria</strong></em>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ue02!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7629f007-5adf-4ce7-9ae5-5d590218ebf6_734x1280.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ue02!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7629f007-5adf-4ce7-9ae5-5d590218ebf6_734x1280.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ue02!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7629f007-5adf-4ce7-9ae5-5d590218ebf6_734x1280.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ue02!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7629f007-5adf-4ce7-9ae5-5d590218ebf6_734x1280.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ue02!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7629f007-5adf-4ce7-9ae5-5d590218ebf6_734x1280.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ue02!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7629f007-5adf-4ce7-9ae5-5d590218ebf6_734x1280.png" width="260" height="453.4059945504087" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7629f007-5adf-4ce7-9ae5-5d590218ebf6_734x1280.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1280,&quot;width&quot;:734,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:260,&quot;bytes&quot;:1683902,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ue02!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7629f007-5adf-4ce7-9ae5-5d590218ebf6_734x1280.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ue02!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7629f007-5adf-4ce7-9ae5-5d590218ebf6_734x1280.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ue02!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7629f007-5adf-4ce7-9ae5-5d590218ebf6_734x1280.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ue02!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7629f007-5adf-4ce7-9ae5-5d590218ebf6_734x1280.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Descent from the Cross. 1521. Pinacoteca Comunale di Volterra, Italy.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>American critic Timothy Dickey summarised the nature of Palestrina&#8217;s idiom here:</p><div class="pullquote"><p>&#8216;Eight voices, presumably without accompaniment, follow, as always, perfect counterpoint and careful dissonance treatment; the choir is divided into two groups that alternate often simple and homophonic passages. Yet within that &#8220;purity&#8221; of basic musical style, the composer relishes the passionate imagery of his text. Right in the first phrase, he uses a strong harmonic contrast between chords with sharps and flats, giving the tenor voice a radical melodic tritone to sing and placing a plangent B flat right on the word <strong>dolorosa</strong> (grieving). Similar harmonic tensions populate the entire piece, with plenty of trigger words for flats (sad, suffering, weeping) or sharps (the sword that will pierce her [Mary&#8217;s] soul). Often, changes in texture also stem from the text: imitative duos to represent the grieving pair of characters, or full eight-voiced textures when the poem asks for us all to bear the Cross of Christ, for instance.&#8217;</p></div><p>As with any exceptional piece of music, words are ultimately inadequate to convey the beauty of Palestrina's Stabat Mater. One must hear it for oneself.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://poptodorov.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://poptodorov.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;4bd016ef-b09a-4903-9bfb-95da4c1587b8&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><p></p><blockquote><p><em>Stabat Mater dolorosa</em>             The grieving Mother<br><em>Juxta crucem lacrimosa</em>            stood weeping beside the cross<br><em>Dum pendebat Filius.</em>               where her Son was hanging.</p><p><em>Cujus animam gementem</em>         Through her weeping soul,<br><em>Con tristatam et dolentem</em>        compassionate and grieving,<br><em>Pertransivit gladius. </em>                  a sword passed.</p><p><em>O quam tristis et afflicta</em>           O how sad and afflicted<br><em>Fuit illa enedicta</em>                       was that blessed Mother<br><em>Mater Unigeniti!</em>                        of the Only-begotten!</p><p><em>Quae moerebat et dolebat</em>         Who mourned and grieved<br><em>Et tremebat cum videbat</em>           and trembled looking at the torment<br><em>Nati poenas inclyti.</em>                    of her glorious Child.</p><p><em>Quis est homo qui non fleret </em>     Who is the person who would not weep<br><em>Christi Matrem si videret </em>          seeing the Mother of Christ<em><br>In tanto supplicio?                 </em>     in such agony?</p><p><em>Quis non posset contristari </em>       Who would not be able to feel<em><br>Piam Matrem contemplari  </em> <em>  </em>   compassion on beholding Christ&#8217;s<em><br>Dolentem cum Filio?               </em>   Mother suffering with her Son?</p><p><em>Pro peccatis suae gentis </em>            For the sins of his people<em><br>Vidit Jesum in tormentis           </em> she saw Jesus in torment<em><br>Et flagellis subditum. </em>                and subjected to the scourge.</p><p><em>Vidit suum dulcem natum  </em>       She saw her sweet offspring<em><br>Morientem desolatum   </em>            dying, forsaken,<em><br>Dum emisit spiritum.    </em>             while He gave up his spirit.</p><p><em>Eia, Mater, fons amoris, </em>            O Mother, fountain of love,<em><br>Me sentire vim doloris Fac </em>        make me feel the power of sorrow,<em><br>Ut tecum lugeam. </em>                      that I may grieve with you.</p><p><em>Fac ut aredeat cor meum </em>           Grant that my heart may burn<em><br>In amando Christum Deum     </em>   in the love of Christ my Lord,<em><br>Ut sibi complaceam.   </em>                that I may greatly please Him.</p><p><em>Sancta Mater istud agas    </em>          Holy Mother, grant that the wounds<em><br>Crucifixi fige plagas </em>                   of the Crucified drive<em><br>Cordi meo valide. </em>                       deep into my heart.</p><p><em>Tui nat vulnerati </em>                        That of your wounded Son,<em><br>Tam dignati pro me pati   </em>          who so deigned to suffer for me,<em><br>Poenas mecum divide. </em>                I may share the pain.</p><p><em>Fac me tecum pie flere </em>               Let me sincerely weep with you,<em><br>Crucifixo condolere </em>                    bemoan the Crucified,<em><br>Donec ego vixero </em>                        for as long as I live,</p><p><em>Juxta crucem tecum stare </em>           To stand beside the cross with you,<em><br>Et me tibi sociare       </em>                  and gladly share the weeping,<em><br>In plantu desidero.</em>                       this I desire.</p><p><em>Virgo virginum praeclara </em>            Chosen Virgin of virgins,<em><br>Mihi jam non sis amara </em>              be not bitter with me,<em><br>Fac me tecum plangere. </em>               let me weep with thee.</p><p><em>Fac ut portem                              </em>   Grant that I may bear<em><br>Christi mortem </em>                            the death of Christ,<em><br>Passionis fac consortem              </em>  the fate of his Passion,<em><br>Et plagas recolere.                         </em> and commemorate His wounds.</p><p><em>Fac me plagis vulnerari </em>               Let me be wounded with his wounds,<em><br>Cruce fac unebriari </em>                     inebriated by the cross<em><br>Et cruor Filii. </em>                               because of love for the Son.</p><p><em>Inflammatus et accensus   </em>           Inflame and set on fire,<em><br>Per te Virgo sim defensus   </em>          may I be defended by you, Virgin,<em><br>In die judicii.  </em>                              on the day of judgement.</p><p><em>Fac me cruce custodiri </em>                 Let me be guarded by the cross,<em><br>Morte Christi praemuniri </em>            armed by Christ&#8217;s death and<em><br>Confoveri gratia. </em>                          Cherished by His grace.</p><p><em>Quando corpus morietur </em>             When my body dies,<em><br>Fac ut animae donetur </em>                grant that to my soul is given<em><br>Paradisi Gloria. </em>                           the glory of paradise.</p></blockquote><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://poptodorov.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Cultural Death and Reborn! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[In arrivo]]></title><description><![CDATA[Questo &#232; Cultural Death and Reborn.]]></description><link>https://poptodorov.substack.com/p/coming-soon</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://poptodorov.substack.com/p/coming-soon</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Boris-Mihail popTodorov]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 10:06:35 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p14I!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F363f33a3-e125-4d33-88c6-3a17e73c18da_1054x1054.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Questo &#232; Cultural Death and Reborn.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://poptodorov.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Iscriviti ora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://poptodorov.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Iscriviti ora</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>